Biometric Technologies and Counter-Terrorism
Colonel-B-S-Nagial The world is coping-up with various problems such as document fraud, identity theft, terrorism, cybercrimes etc. There are new global regulations in place to use the emerging technologies. But there is a need to strike a balance between biometrics security tools and adherence to human rights while dealing with terrorism. One of the tools to counter the threat of terrorism is the use of emerging biometrics technology carefully. Biometrics uses a person’s physical features or personality traits like fingerprints, faces, voices, or handwritten signatures to identify and verify the antecedents. Biometric systems offer automatic, almost immediate identification of a person by translating the biometric into the digital form and then collating and verifying it against a computerised database.1 The biometric tools include fingerprints, facial recognition, vein pattern, eyes, iris print, DNA, blood, voice, gait, signature etc. The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolutions 2322 (2016) and 2396 (2017) dwell on the use of biometrics for counter-terrorism purposes, particularly in the context of border management and homeland security. Resolution 2322 (2016) calls on the member countries to share information about Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) and other lone wolf terrorists and terrorist organisations, including biometric and biographic information.2 Further in its resolution 2396 (2017), the UNSC resolves that all member nations will evolve and put in practice various systems to gather biometric data, including fingerprints, photographs, facial recognition, and other appropriate recognising biometric data, to responsibly and adequately identify terrorists, including FTFs, as per the policies on the subject while duly complying with the domestic law as well as international law on human rights. The UNSC also encourages the nations to share this data among other nations and with appropriate worldwide organisations, together with the International Criminal Police Organisation (INTERPOL). While implementing the resolutions passed by the UNSC, various countries have encountered gaps and challenges while using biometric technologies for counter-terrorism operations. Therefore I will reconnoitre tendencies in using these types of technologies in counter-terrorism, main challenges, and guidance developed to safeguard the use of technology for its intended purpose. Various critical trends emerging in biometric technologies Using biometrics in counter-terrorism operations is a fast escalating range of counter-terrorism-related applications for biometric systems, including authentication and verification equipment such as biometric passports (e-passports), biometric smart gates, and passport readers and digital forensics.3 The COVID-19 pandemic posed unprecedented challenges concerning biometrics to facilitate domestic and international travel. The extensive use of masks and fear of transmitting the disease via touch limited the efficacy of traditional credentials checks, including facial recognition and fingerprint scanners. As a result, many countries introduced touchless devices and iris scanners to authenticate identity while masks were worn. Biometrics has become more predominant in detecting offenders, terrorists, and inimical elements in public places, with facial identification systems combined with CCTV video surveillance systems. Technology for identification has also been combined with Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in a law enforcement and border control scenario, helping control many people by channelling and identifying them. The use of biometrics in counter-terrorism operations is often linked to evolving and using emerging technologies. These techniques are used to identify individuals of interest such as high-definition cameras, matching algorithms, and Artificial Intelligence (AI), occasionally in combination with a linked database e.g., terrorist watchlists. And also use biometrics to protect critical infrastructure sites and facilities and soft targets from terrorist attacks. Biometric technologies may also help stop terrorism financing, facilitating augmentations to know-your-client (KYC) and customer due diligence (CDD) procedures and substitutions to financial institutions’ monitoring and keeping track of associated banking operations. “The world is coping-up with various problems such as document fraud, identity theft, terrorism, cybercrimes etc. There are new global regulations in place to use the emerging technologies. But there is a need to strike a balance between biometrics security tools and adherence to human rights while dealing with terrorism. One of the tools to counter the threat of terrorism is the use of emerging biometrics technology carefully” Many countries have made some progress in introducing biometrics for counter-terrorism purposes. There are strong local trends in this practice. Half of the European countries extensively use biometrics, but only a few countries have put it into practice in the Middle East region. In Africa, only fifty per cent of countries are using biometrics systems. How biometric technologies are used for counter-terrorism could be summarised as under: Countries are intensifying the array of physical spaces, from border crossings to public spaces and digital spaces, across social media, biometric data is being validated. Countries use state-of-the-art technologies to capture, collect, process, and analyse biometric data to Counter-Terrorism. Many government officials such as intelligence agencies, national and local police forces, border guards, immigration officers and some private-sector actors e.g., contractors and suppliers, have been authorised to use biometric data. Some nations have taken initiatives to hasten the sharing of biometric data as part of counter-terrorism collaboration and sharing of information methods. Countries have more developed terrorist watch lists and databases linked with biometric databases, with biometric checks against INTERPOL notices and databases to recognise and spot inimical elements and terrorists. “Many countries have made some progress in introducing biometrics for counter-terrorism purposes. There are strong local trends in this practice. Half of the European countries extensively use biometrics, but only a few countries have put it into practice in the Middle East region. In Africa, only fifty per cent of countries are using biometrics systems” Challenges concerning the optimal use of biometric technologies in counter-terrorism could be summarised as under: Technologies has shortcomings and restrictions. Inadequate capabilities. Inadequate legal and administrative contexts. Due to an oversight of safeguarding the privacy and data duration of the data retention period. Strengthening of prevailing inequalities and disparities. Likely misappropriation of freedom rights of religion, expression, and association. Restrictions on distribution of biometric data and information to others. Non-availability of efficient solutions in the event of violations. There is a risk of scams and misuse of biometric information. Though biometric technology has notably advanced its precision and steadfastness, technological shortfalls…